Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

• Identify the unique physical and chemical hazards associated with LNG production, storage, and handling.
• Understand the mechanisms of LNG release, vapor cloud formation, and potential fire/explosion scenarios.
• Apply formal risk assessment methodologies, including QRA and LOPA, to LNG facilities.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of current safety controls and safeguard systems (e.g., ESD, fire suppression).
• Develop and audit emergency response plans specific to LNG cryogenic spills and fires.
• Interpret regulatory requirements and international standards (e.g., NFPA, API) for LNG risk management.
• Implement hazard analysis techniques, such as HAZOP and What-If analysis, during design and operations.

• Safety, Health, and Environmental (SHE) Managers and Engineers.
• Process Engineers and Design Engineers involved in LNG projects.
• Operations Supervisors and Technicians at LNG facilities.
• Risk Management and Loss Prevention Specialists.
• Emergency Response Team Leaders.
• Regulatory Compliance and Assurance Personnel.

• Scenarios: Responding to a simulated LNG pipeline rupture and vapor cloud formation.
• Case Studies: Deep-dive analysis of real-world LNG incidents and failure points.
• Group Activities: Building a LOPA or Bowtie diagram for an LNG storage tank.
• Individual Exercises: Calculating exclusion zones based on dispersion models.
• Discussions on the ethical and public relations aspects of LNG risk communication.

Unit 1: Introduction to LNG Hazards and Regulatory Context

• Overview of LNG physical and chemical properties (cryogenic liquid, expansion ratio).
• Case studies of major historical LNG incidents and lessons learned.
• Understanding the regulatory landscape (e.g., US CFR, European Directives, ISO standards).
• The concept of Major Accident Hazards (MAH) and Process Safety Management (PSM).

Unit 2: LNG Release, Dispersion, and Fire Scenarios

• Modeling of cryogenic liquid pool spread and heat transfer mechanisms.
• Vapor Cloud Dispersion Modeling (VCDM) and toxic/flammable gas concentration zones.
• Jet fire, pool fire, and flash fire hazards specific to methane releases.
• The Rapid Phase Transition (RPT) phenomenon and its mitigation strategies.

Unit 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Assessment

• Introduction to Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) for determining risk contours.
• Conducting Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) for critical safety functions.
• Utilizing Bowtie analysis to link hazards, threats, controls, and consequences.
• Applying Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies to facility piping and instrumentation diagrams.

Unit 4: Engineering and Administrative Control Measures

• Design considerations for containment (dikes, impoundments) and spill prevention.
• Auditing the effectiveness of automated safety systems (e.g., Fire and Gas detection, ESD).
• Implementing robust maintenance programs and inspection strategies for critical equipment.
• Administrative controls: safe work permits, training, and operating procedures.

Unit 5: Emergency Response and Safety Culture

• Developing site-specific emergency response plans for LNG fires and spills.
• Strategies for communication, evacuation, and interaction with external responders.
• Auditing the facility's Process Safety Culture and human factors in operations.
• Performance monitoring of safety critical elements and risk reduction measures.