Upon successful completion of this program, participants will be able to:

• Compare the technical specifications (e.g., cycle life, energy density, response time) of different battery chemistries.
• Analyze the operational principles and constraints of pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage (CAES).
• Model the financial value streams (arbitrage, ancillary services) for battery energy storage systems (BESS).
• Design a hybrid renewable energy system that integrates generation with an optimal storage solution.
• Understand the role of storage in managing grid frequency, voltage, and transmission congestion.
• Evaluate the potential and challenges of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies (e.g., flow batteries, thermal).
• Develop a technical specification and procurement plan for a utility-scale battery project.
• Analyze the key market and regulatory hurdles for deploying energy storage at scale.

• Grid Planners and System Operators
• Energy Project Developers (Solar + Storage)
• Investment Analysts and Financiers
• Battery Systems Engineers and Architects
• Utility Engineers and Technical Managers
• Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Managers
• Energy Policy and Regulatory Advisors

• **Scenarios:** Modeling the optimal size and dispatch strategy for a BESS to maximize revenue from both energy arbitrage and frequency regulation.
• **Case Studies:** Analyzing the technical performance and financial returns of a major utility-scale battery project post-commissioning.
• **Group Activities:** Collaborative design of a hybrid solar-plus-storage system for a remote industrial facility with 24/7 power requirements.
• **Individual Exercises:** Calculating the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) for a flow battery compared to a Li-ion battery based on provided lifespan and cost data.
• **Mini-Case Studies:** Rapid evaluation of a new thermal storage technology for its potential to replace traditional peaking power plants.
• **Syndicate Discussions:** Debating the regulatory changes needed to fully value the stability services provided by storage assets.
• **Technical Specification:** Drafting a technical specification and RFP for a utility-scale battery system procurement.

Unit 1: The Rationale and Role of Energy Storage

• Why storage is critical for integrating intermittent renewable energy.
• Defining key performance metrics: power rating, energy capacity, response time, cycle life.
• Storage applications: peak shaving, load shifting, frequency regulation, and black start.
• The concept of merchant storage and stacking multiple revenue streams.
• The role of storage in enabling microgrids and energy independence.

Unit 2: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

• Detailed analysis of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries: NMC, LFP, and safety considerations.
• Introduction to Flow Batteries: principles, advantages (scalability, long duration), and limitations.
• Battery Management Systems (BMS) and Thermal Management: critical system components.
• Designing BESS: DC-coupled vs. AC-coupled architectures.
• Recycling, second-life applications, and the circular economy of batteries.

Unit 3: Mechanical and Thermal Storage

• Operating principles and global status of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES).
• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): diabatic vs. adiabatic systems.
• Thermal Energy Storage (TES) for concentrated solar power (CSP) and industrial applications.
• The economics and site constraints of large-scale mechanical storage.
• Assessing the potential for gravity-based energy storage systems.

Unit 4: Economics and Financial Modeling

• Calculating the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) and its influencing factors.
• Modeling revenue generation from wholesale market arbitrage and capacity payments.
• Analyzing the regulatory barriers and market incentives for storage deployment.
• Valuing ancillary services (frequency regulation, reserve capacity) provided by BESS.
• Structuring financing and risk allocation for merchant storage projects.

Unit 5: Integration, Grid Services, and Future Trends

• Integrating storage with solar and wind projects (hybrid systems).
• Storage for transmission and distribution deferral (non-wires alternatives).
• The technical requirements for storage to provide grid-forming capabilities.
• Analysis of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies and their projected costs.
• Regulatory trends favoring competitive and decentralized storage deployment.